Objective To study the characteristics and differences of ONSD between the low altitude rapid advance high-altitude trial populations(TPs) and the plateau original residents(ORTs), and investigate the variation pattern of ONSD in the trial populations with the plateau residential time. Methods 54 people from low altitude to high altitude lived in the plateau with an altitude of about 3500m for at least 6 months. ONSD was determined by ultrasound when the TPs first arrived at the plateau and lived in 3 and 6 months. 137 ORTs get ONSD once. Information on gender, height, weight, ethnicity, smoking history, underlying diseases, and nearsightedness were collected. Results When the TPs first arrived at the plateau, the female LONSD was 4.846 ± 0.073 mm, and the RONSD was 4.838 ± 0.068 mm; Male LONSD is 5.038 ± 0.038 mm, and RONSD is 5.055 ± 0.039 mm; The female LONSD among ORTs is 5.144 ± 0.031 mm, and the RONSD is 5.183 ± 0.029 mm; The male LONSD is 5.326±0.037mm, and the RONSD is 5.360 ± 0.047mm. There is a gender difference in ONSD between ORTs and TPs, with male ONSD being greater than female ONSD, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<0.05); There was a significant statistical difference (p<0.01) in the ONSD of ORTs compared to the TPs. When living in the plateau for 3 months, the female LONSD was 4.869 ± 0.067mm, and the RONSD was 4.869 ± 0.054mm; Male LONSD is 5.080 ± 0.036mm, and RONSD is 5.068 ± 0.033mm; When living in the plateau for 6 months, the female LONSD was 4.954 ± 0.057mm, and the RONSD was 4.977 ± 0.073mm; The male LONSD is 5.180 ± 0.042mm, and the RONSD is 5.250 ± 0.045mm. Women showed that the mean ONSD increased with the increase of living time at high altitude, but there was no statistically significant difference in ONSD between June and when they first arrived at high altitude (p>0.05). Men also showed that the mean ONSD increased with the increase of living time at high altitude, and there was a statistical difference (p<0.05) between ONSD in June and when they first arrived at high altitude. Conclusion 1. The width of ONSD is different between male and female. 2. The ONSD of ORTs is greater than that of TPs; 3. The ONSD width of the TPs increases with the plateau residence time, and the influence on males is greater than that on females.