Objective Ultrasound measured the anatomical parameters of the radial artery and superficial branch of the radial nerve of the forearm, summarized the relevant anatomical factors affecting radial artery puncture and catheterization, and found the optimal puncture range that was safe and accurate during radial artery puncture and catheterization. Methods A total of 100 surgical patients were included. Ultrasound was used to measure the radial styloid point, the radial artery (center) vertical distance (VDA), and the distance between the superficial branch of the radial nerve and the horizontal position of the radial artery (D) at 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm, 10 cm, 2.5 cm below the center of the cubital fossa, and 10 cm from the radial styloid process and 2.5 cm below the center of the cubital fossa. Differences in anatomical parameters and spatial relationships of the radial nerve. The patients were randomly divided into distal group (group A, 33 cases), middle and distal group (group B, 33 cases) and proximal group (group C, 33 cases), and the success rate, puncture time, number of punctures and puncture-related complications of the first ultrasound-guided radial artery puncture and catheterization were recorded in the three groups, respectively. Results (1) There was no significant difference in the horizontal position of the radial artery and the superficial branch of the radial nerve relative to the radial artery in the same group range on the left and right sides of the patients (P>0.05), the vertical distance between the right middle and distal radial artery (center) and the skin was less than that of the left side (P<0.05), and the transverse diameter of the distal radial artery was significantly greater than that of the middle and distal and proximal radial arteries (P<0.001). The transverse diameter of the radial arteries on the left and right sides, the vertical distance between the radial artery (center) and the horizontal position of the radial artery and the superficial branch of the radial nerve were significantly higher in males than in females (P<0.05). The transverse diameter of the left and right proximal radial arteries was significantly greater in patients aged ≥ 60 years than in patients aged ≤ 59 years (P<0.05). (2) The success rates of the first ultrasound-guided radial artery puncture and catheterization in group A, group B and group C were 97.0%, 76.5% and 75.8%, respectively, and the success rate of the first ultrasound-guided radial artery puncture and catheterization in group A was significantly higher than that in group B and group C (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05). The number of punctures in group A was significantly lower than that in groups B and C (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between groups B and C (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in puncture and catheterization time between the three groups (P>0.05). The total incidence of complications after puncture and catheterization in group A, group B and group C was 3.1%, 11.7% and 15.1%, respectively, and the total incidence of complications after puncture and catheterization in group A was significantly lower than that in group B and group C (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05). Conclusion The diameter of the distal radial artery is larger, and the vertical distance between the radial artery (center) and the skin is the shallowest here, so the first puncture success rate of ultrasound-guided intraplanar radial artery puncture catheter in the range of 0-5cm proximal to the radial styloid process is high, the number of punctures is small, and the complication rate is relatively low.